Applying to university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying to college - Essay Example In spite of the fact that I don't affirm to be a bad-to-the-bone women's activist, still, through close to home experience I have come to realize that the ladies are made to act and act with a certain goal in mind through ceaseless preparing and regimentation, directly from the hour of their introduction to the world. Right when an infant young lady is conceived, she is made to discover that she is required to wear specific sort of garments, she is to carry on and act with a certain goal in mind, and she is to figure out how to do explicit kinds of family tasks. Indeed, even the guiltless games played by female youngsters are brimming with such cultural engravings and desires. So no big surprise, when an infant young lady becomes out to be a grown-up lady, she is as of now persuaded in her psyche that she needs to comply with the standards of a male overwhelmed society. Such desires engraved in the psyches of ladies wreck destruction with their natural inclination and their potential for self-awareness and improvement. In the expert circle, the results of male strength will in general be exceptionally self-evident. On numerous occasions one comes to catch wind of the ‘glass ceiling’. Indeed, even the ladies who set out to rise above these requirements need to bargain to a huge degree. To exceed expectations in their vocations, they are not permitted to outfit the capacities like systems administration, compassion, holding, accord making that the intrinsically have as a result of being a ladies. Or maybe they are relied upon to mirror the male serious good examples, a thing that resultantly risks their own and expert lives. The outcome is a profound situated feeling of disappointment and dissatisfaction. In this way, I accept that one of the basic objectives of my instruction is to have the option to get over such cultural obstructions and the resulting macho patterns and desires. I accept that the fundamental objective of instruction is to empower an individual to fabricate proficient and individual relationship with others on the standing of balance and regard. Anything in opposition to this is

Proving God's Existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demonstrating God's Existence - Essay Example However, mathematicians concede that the nearness of a solidly boundless amount of things brings about self-nullifications (Craig and Sinnott-Armstrong 2004). For example, what is ceaselessness less unendingness? A mathematician will without a doubt give self-discrediting answers. For example, on the off chance that you deduct all the odd digits from all the regular digits, what number of digits remain? The appropriate response is an endless digit. Along these lines interminability less ceaselessness is unendingness. Be that as it may, expect you deduct all the digits higher than 2. What number of remain? The appropriate response is 3. It must be understood that in these two occasions we have deducted comparable numbers from comparable numbers and end up with nullifying results (Craig and Sinnott-Armstrong 2004). In all actuality, as indicated by Hoffman and Geisler (2006), one can get any outcome s/he enjoys from zero to endlessness. This implies ceaselessness is just an idea in an individual’s musings, not something that really exists. David Hilbert, potentially the best mathematician of the past time, claims, â€Å"The limitless is mysteriously gone in actuality. It neither exists in nature nor gives a genuine premise to discerning thought†¦ the job that remaining parts for the unbounded to play is exclusively that of an idea† (Craig et al. 2003, 19). ... The cosmic verifications propose that the universe was achieved by a gigantic blast, around 15 billion years prior, alluded to as the ‘Big Bang’. Genuine spatial and transient settings came about because of that event, and the vitality and matter known to man. Henceforth, as contended by Cambridge researcher Fred Hoyle, the Big Bang premise involves the origination of the universe from nothing (Craig and Sinnott-Armstrong 2004). In Hoyle’s clarification, this is because of the way that as one relapses, each shows up in turn at which the universe was â€Å"shrunk down to nothing at all† (Craig and Sinnott-Armstrong 2004, 4). In this manner, what the hypothesis of Big Bang suggests is that the universe was shaped from nothing. Now, from the essential reason of the contention, as the root of existence, this mysterious start ought to be a unimportant, ever-enduring, interminable, and uncaused substance which shaped the universe. It ought to be uncaused since we have verified that there can't be a ceaseless backslide of causes. It ought to be endless and consequently undying in light of the fact that it made transient settings. Since it made spatial settings too, it ought to go past space too and henceforth be ethereal, not material or physical (Hoffman and Geisler 2006). Essentially, it appears that there is a believable clarification for the presence of God dependent on the start of the universe. The Second Argument In the ongoing decades, researchers have discovered that the nearness of insightful living things relies upon a composite and delicate balance of introductory conditions introduced in the Big Bang itself. Educated people thought in the past that whatever the principal conditions of the universe were, at the appointed time life could develop. It shows up

Contract Disputes Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agreement Disputes - Term Paper Example I will give a case of an agreement contest that happened between the Government Printing Office (GPO) and Microform Data Systems, Inc. somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1981. In a letter composed by the Acting Controller General of the United States to Mr. McClosky, House of Representatives in Microform Data Systems, he clarified the correspondence made by Microform Data Systems, Inc. for their agreement claims and disappointment with the procedures and structure of GPO board. Microform Data Systems, Inc was unsettled at all by the means taken by the GPO board in managing their Contract question and claims concerning a business contract between the two partners (Government Operations: Contract Dispute Involving Government Printing Office, 1981). The realities about the Contract Dispute Involving Government Printing Office and Microform Data Systems The announcement from the acting controller General plainly showed that Microform scrutinized a few activities taken by GPO board agains t their organization. They asserted that the organization of the GPO was excessively unforgiving by giving over their agreement question to another board to rehear. They communicated their anxiety that the GPO load up being referred to is definitely not an all day working board described by inadequate staff individuals and absence of consistency. Microform Company was not diverted about this progression taken by GPO organization. The inquiry in their psyche was that, by what means can another board, handle a case like that without the earlier information and more profound comprehension of what they were guaranteeing. Microform accepted that the demonstration utilized by GPO organization to assign their agreement issue is certainly not an immediate application required by administrative branch offices. The controller General office legitimately can't help contradicting Microform guarantee about a temporary worker shopping following getting a managerial decision from the board. Microf orm required the GPO Board to fulfill a Contract Disputes they guaranteed in the main issue (Government Operations: Contract Dispute Involving Government Printing Office, 1981).

FORD BUSINESS REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Passage BUSINESS REPORT - Essay Example This paper has sketched out a portion of the dangers presented by different contenders, the flighty future particularly on the issue of modest fuel. The appraisal has been finished utilizing the SWOT investigation in examination with the contenders. Before the finish of this paper, one will comprehend the suitable estimates the organization can take to manage the opposition, dangers, openings and the stale European market, which has apparently stayed impenetrable to Ford. Portage is a car organization situated in the US states yet works in different nations where it makes different kinds of vehicles. Aside from possessing different sorts of vehicles, the organization has likewise gotten a few offers in different organizations. For example, Wilkins (2011) announced that Ford right now has a 21% stake in Japan’s Mazda. Moreover, Ford in UK claims 8% of Aston martin and China’s Jiangling offers 49% to a similar organization. The organization has different endeavors where it has worked with different organizations like in Russia, Thailand and Turkey Away from the endeavors and acquisitions, the organization has gone different obstacles including the 2008 downturn that saw numerous countries’ economies endure unfavorably. It is during this time individual contenders like GM and Chrysler endured enormously and just the US government’s endeavors spared them. Having endure the emergency, Ford enrolled empowering results and in 21012, the organization had a $134 billion income and $ 5,665 billion benefit (Grant 2012). Right now, the quantity of representatives in this organization had hit the 164,000 imprint making it perhaps the best organization in the US. The quintessence of composing this report is to feature its present position and offer proposals on the most proficient method to manage its shortcomings and dangers. Like in some other business, Ford has various contenders who could be a danger to its benefit except if measures are set up. In the US, the quantity of organizations equaling Ford in the vehicle business is entirely huge. Right off the bat, the

International Students Preparing for Your I-20

International Students Preparing for Your I-20 You are in!  Give yourself a pat on the back for officially becoming an Illini. While the hardest part is behind you, you still have a couple more steps ahead.  Think of the I-20 process as the bridge that helps you reach your final destination. After accepting your admission offer, you are off to prepare for the I-20 process. You can take a look at last year’s detailed I-20 FAQ blog for a breadth of information about the topic. This year, I will provide a general walk-through of the process, talk about what documents are required, and offer some helpful tips from our current students to help alleviate any I-20 preparation stress. Let’s start with the I-20 application steps. Step 1: Accept your admission offer. You can do this from your myIllini account portal. Step 2: Submit an I-20 application. This also can be done through your myIllini account portal. Step 3: Make sure to upload the required documents to the I-20 application. You will need a valid copy of your passport in addition to an adequate financial statement. Step 4: Pay attention to deadlines. The Office of Undergraduate Admissions will start to issue I-20s for our incoming fall transfer and freshman applicants starting March 1. The Office of Undergraduate Admissions will not issue any I-20s after August 1. Remember that we are here to help! Contact our office if you have any issues. So what happens after you submit your I-20 application? Step 1: The Office of Undergraduate Admissions will make sure we have all the correct documents and will verify the provided information. We will contact you directly if we have a question. Step 2: The Office of Undergraduate Admissions needs 2 to 3 weeks to issue your I-20. Step 3:  After your I-20 is issued, we will send you an email so you can set up an account with eShipGlobal to have your I-20 mailed to you. Please do not set up an account before your I-20 is issued. This may cause a delay in the process. You may wonder: What is eShipGlobal? eShipGlobal is an express mailing service we use to mail out I-20s at the recipients expense. You will be required to set up an account with this service. Make sure to have the following information handy: Your UIN (found on your admitted checklist)Mailing address (this is where you want your I-20 shipped to) Valid email addressValid telephone number Credit card informationDepartment Contact: Select Office of Undergraduate Admissions at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (if you select the wrong contact, this may delay mailing the I-20 to you) Step 4:  After you receive your I-20 form, you will need to prepare for your F-1 visa interview at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate in your country of residence. I also encourage you to read the U.S. Department of State Student Visa Overview and a blog entry I wrote last year on F-1 visas. Ill leave you with some helpful tips and websites. The earlier you prepare for your I-20 application, the better. Delays can happen for several reasons.Make sure your financial documents are recent. The Office of Undergraduate Admissions does not accept any financial documents that are older than a year.If you are currently attending an accredited academic U.S. institution and are on an F-1 visa, you will need to contact us.You can always contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in your home country if you have any questions. Make sure to register for the Undergraduate International Student Orientation. We look forward to seeing you on campus soon! Suha Assistant Director, Undergraduate Admissions I have a master’s degree in American and Middle Eastern Studies. I’m lucky to be working with our international students as they navigate their way through the admissions process and during their exciting journey to the Illinois campus!

SAT Test Dates Your Best Test Date (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020)

9You might think that signing up for the SAT is a simple matter. Just choose from a bunch of SAT test dates, book a spot, and take the test. But did you know this? The SAT test date you pick can have a major impact on your score. In this post, well give you up-to-date information on both international and U.S. SAT test dates and score release dates for the 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 school years, as well as projected SAT dates for 2020-2021. Plus well give you a guide to your best test date, answer your most pressing SAT test date FAQs, and explain how your choice of test date can influence your test score. Ready? Lets go! SAT Test Dates: Table of Contents 2018-2019 SAT Test Dates (U.S.) 2018-2019 SAT Test Dates (International) 2019-2020 SAT Test Dates (U.S.) 2019-2020 SAT Test Dates (International) 2020-2021 SAT Test Dates (U.S.) 2020-2021 SAT Test Dates (International) 2018-2020 SAT Subject Test Dates (SAT 2 Tests) 2019 PSAT test dates SAT Test Dates: A Visual Aid A Guide to Finding Your Best SAT Test Date SAT Test Date FAQs 2018-2019 SAT Test Dates (U.S.) SAT Test DateRegistration DeadlineLate Registration Deadline*SAT Scores Release DateSAT Essay Scores Release Date August 25, 2018July 27, 2018August 15, 2018September 7, 2018September 9, 2018 October 6, 2018September 7, 2018September 26, 2018October 19, 2018October 21, 2018 November 3, 2018October 5, 2018October 2, 2018December 16, 2018 March 9, 2019February 8, 2019February 27, 2019March 22, 2019March 2, 2019 *If you mail in your late registration (rather than register online or by phone), the deadline is a week earlier. 2018-2019 SAT Test Dates (International) International SAT Test DateRegistration DeadlineSAT Score Release Date October 6, 2018September 7, 2018October 19-21, 2018 December 1, 2018November 2, 2018 December 1, 2020February 13, 2020February 2, 2021July 1, 2020 October 3, 2020August 3, 2020 October 11-18, 2020 December 5, 2020 November 5, 2020 December 13-20, 2020 March 13, 2021 February 13, 2021 March 21-28, 2021 May 8, 2021 April 8, 2021 May 16-23, 2021 *College Board has not yet confirmed the above international dates. These are projected based off of previous year exam patterns. We will update this as soon as we have official information! SAT Subject Test Dates (SAT 2 Tests) SAT Subject Test Dates, 2018-2020 May 5, 2018 June 2, 2018 August 25, 2018 October 6, 2018 November 3, 2018 December 1, 2018 May 00 mark (on the old test) in August not sign up for SAT class September extensions. More often than not, their scores drop quite a bit. Now, however, you can take the SAT when you are at the top of your game! What happens if my SAT test date is postponed? This is rare. But should it happen, College Board should typically give you the next available date. Or, as in the case of February 2016, if a snowstorm or other event closes a bunch of testing centers, the College Board may offer a makeup SAT test date. If it doesn’t, don’t just sign up for the next date. Make sure that it fits in with your schedule. What happens if I have to reschedule my SAT test date? You’ll have to pay $28. But if you have a very good reason for rescheduling the SAT, then try not to make that fee the final judge. I’m an international student. What do I need to know about international SAT test dates? The international test dates are the same as the standard test dates outlined above. If you’ve heard otherwise, then google [home country][SAT test dates]. But to the best of our knowledge, this shouldn’t be the case. For SAT subject tests the picture is a little different. See the official College Board international SAT Subject Test charts for which subject tests are offered when for international students. How is the SAT used in India? There are a number of SAT test centers located in India that administer the official College Board SAT test. You may choose to take the SAT test in India if you are planning to study abroad in the U.S. or Canada. Additionally, some Indian institutions such as NITs and DTUs look at SAT test scores as part of their admissions decision. Whew! Great job for sticking with us! If you have more questions about SAT test dates, let us know in the comments. And if you’re all fired up and ready to start prepping for your best SAT test date, well, we can help with online Magoosh SAT Prep. Editor’s Note: This post was originally published in May 2016 and has been updated for freshness, accuracy, and comprehensiveness.

Abrir Conjugation - Spanish Verb

Positive Changes in Character in The Adventure of...

The novel â€Å"The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn†, by Mark Twain is an exciting book that describes the story of a young boy and his friend Jim. Huckleberry Finn, who is the protagonist in this tale, is a young boy who enjoys his immature life to the fullest. Playing pranks, going on adventures and running away from society are part of his daily thrill. At first sight it might seem that Huckleberry Finn might be an uneducated boy who has no interest or probability of growing mature. However, throughout the story the immature boy has plenty of encounters which strengthen his character and lead him from boy- to manhood. Huckleberry Finn, the son of a known drunk in town, is already able to look back at some exciting adventures and a chaotic†¦show more content†¦He wants to travel to the west, far far away from the newly experienced reality on his adventures. Huck is being presented as an all-knowing narrator, with corresponding commentary, but also as a naive boy who i s going through a time of character strengthening and development in his life. The novel, which was written by Mark Twain, soon showed to be one of the greatest american works in recent literary history. In the beginning of the writing phase of the book, it was at first solely seen as a continuance of Tom Sawyer, because the reader can tell that Huckleberry Finn has similar thinking styles as his Tom. But soon one will realize that Huck is a class by itself and showed himself as a strong character which can stand by himself and make the whole story of the novel worthwhile. The author includes in the novel things that have really happened his his live and the lives of some of his friends. Furthermore, Mark Twain grew up in a time period of slavery which build his character while growing up. Therefore Huckleberry Finn as a character in he novel cannon simply be seen as a fictional figure but more as a person description which was drawn from real life people and events. I think that th at is an important fact to know, because it adds more credibility to the main character of the novel. And one is able to believe changes that he goes through during his adventures with Jim are real and can be drawn to real life situations. NowShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On Readers And Literary Critics1288 Words   |  6 Pages2/26/17 P:2 Outline Mark Twain’s works made a huge impact on readers and literary critics. His writing occurred during both the romantic and realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was his senseRead MoreThe Story as Told in The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By. Mark Twain Mark Twain s Legendary story of Huckleberry Finn is the tale of a young little-minded orphan boy named Huck, who is the narrator, and tells his story in which he is accompanied by a runaway slave named Jim who both embark on various mischievous adventures down the Mississippi River, Jim who is owned by Huck s care takers Ms.Watson and Widow Douglass is faced with the most challenges in the novel. Throughout the novel Huck Jim are faced withRead MoreThe American Concept Of Self Creation1647 Words   |  7 Pagesavoid danger or ridding themselves of a past life, are two examples of the literary concept of Self-Creation. In Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we see the main character undergo several examples of â€Å"self-creation† during the course of the story for various motivations including those mentioned above. Throughout Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character changes in identity for several reasons to include those in which he protects hims elf and slave Jim. The book’s setting isRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Henry James1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are certain changes in the society and politics resulting from the expansion to the west America as well as civil wars. Famous artist in America turned to reality as a way to bring their feelings and concerns during that time. For those concerns that stem from realities includes widening gap in social class where there were class struggles among those of the white people and negro, and misjudgment between Americans and exotic immigrants. Those famous authors like Mark Twain and Henry James wroteRead MoreAnalysis Of The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1697 Words   |  7 PagesSocietal Standards in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Throughout the evolution of the world’s societies, the roles of women seem to act as a reflection of the time period since they set the tones for the next generation. Regardless of their own actions, women generally appear to take on a lower social standing and receive an altered treatment by men. In Mark Twain’s pre-civil war novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, lies a display of how society treats and views women, as well as how theyRead MoreAn Analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3099 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿HUCKLEBERRY FINN The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the finest works of Mark Twain and probably the most controversial too. This is because it is by no means an ordinary story of Huckleberrys adventures; it is essentially a social commentary on the slavery and post civil war era in the United States. T. S. Eliot in 1950 acknowledged the book as,  ¦the only one of Mark Twains various books which can be called a masterpiece. I do not suggest that it is his only book of permanent interest;Read More The Battle Between Heart and Conscience in Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn 725 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle Between Heart and Conscience in Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society can have a huge impact on an individuals moral growth. Sometimes the impact is positive but other times the learned habits and set morals of society have a negative effect. In Mark Twains novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character, Huck, struggles with what society teaches him and with what he knows to be good and true. During different conflicts concerning either the king and duke, variousRead More Mark Twain Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages MARK TWAIN a.k.a. Samuel Langhorne Clemens nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Mark Twain, which is a pseudonym for Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was born in 1835, and died in 1910. He was an american writer and humorist. Maybe one of the reasons Twain will be remembered is because his writings contained morals and positive views. Because Twains writing is so descriptive, people look to his books for realistic interpretations of places, for his memorable characters, and his ability to describe hisRead MoreEssay Mark Twain2590 Words   |  11 PagesMark Twain As one of Americas first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. # Two of his best-known novels show this trait, in his Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain immortalized the sleepy little town of Hannibal,Read MoreSet In The Antebellum South, Mark Twain’S Adventures Of1601 Words   |  7 PagesSet in the Antebellum South, Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn documents a landscape that differs greatly from the poised and picturesque scene associated with the contemporary South. Today’s South is synonymous with with ice cold pitchers of tea, ceaseless etiquette exuded on wraparound porches, and seemingly romantic drawls. However, the South that Huck resides in, tells a different story. Specifically, his South is a place where suitable behavior is associated with the acceptance of

The Use Of Increased Intracranial Pressure As A Result Of...

Colton et al. (2014) research looked at 117 clients who experienced increase intracranial pressure as a result of severe traumatic brain injury. Their research looked at client’s respond to pharmacological interventions and these pharmacological interventions include hypertonic saline, mannitol, propofol, fentanyl, and barbiturate. In their research Colton et al., (2014) found â€Å"all treatment resulted in significant intracranial pressure changes after 1 hour or 2 hours except for mannitol and barbiturate administration† (Colton at el., 2014). This finding is significant given that mannitol is used as a first line treatment for management of increased intracranial pressure. The chart below demonstrates how each of these pharmacological interventions decreased intracranial pressure and it allows us to compare each pharmacological intervention to each other. (Colton et al., 2014) As you can see in table 3, a small dose of hypertonic saline was far more affective then m annitol in decreased intracranial pressure. â€Å"Intracranial pressure fell after administration of a â€Å"small† dose of hypertonic saline by 8.83 mm Hg in the first hours and 9.76 mm Hg in the second hour according to the manual data† (Colton et al., 2014). When comparing hypertonic saline to mannitol as well as the other pharmacological interventions, administration of hypertonic saline resulted in a significant amount of reduction in clients with intracranial pressure. Their study also revealed, â€Å"mannitol resulted inShow MoreRelatedPrevention For Disease Control And Prevention935 Words   |  4 PagesOver the last 10 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has worked to raise awareness of concussions and head injuries. In fact at least 1.7million traumatic brain injuries or TBI’s occur each year, with older adults and adolescents as the most vulnerable population (Nursing : A Concept-based, 2015, p.696).We now know that a hit or a strike to the head can have long term effects on cognition, physical, and psychological skills. The major causes of TBI include falls, vehicleRead MoreWgu - Wut2 Task7606 Words   |  31 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury WUT2 Task Western Governors University A. Investigated Disease Process The disease process I will be reviewing is traumatic brain injuries. A traumatic brain injury occurs when sudden trauma occurs to an individual’s brain. Traumatic brain injuries are considered closed or penetrating. Traumatic brain injuries are categorized as mild, moderate or severe based on the amount of damage that occurs to the brain. (ninds.nih.gov, 2015) A1. Pathophysiology To understandRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pages Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severity from the incident may range from no underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration, deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical structures and lead to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull onRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Patient Care Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesin patient with acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). After study done there is enough evidence to support that proning position improves mortality in patients with severe ARDS and that it should be used as a first-line therapy in patients with severe ARDS. Presently due to the amount of successful patient outcome with proning at the hospital I am doing my Practicum they are looking in to manually prone due to the high cost for the beds use to assist. Beitler, J. RRead MoreA Case Study : Traumatic Brain Injury2029 Words   |  9 Pages A Case Study: Traumatic Brain Injury Jennifer Buechler University of San Diego Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, occurs when there is a sudden, direct injury to the head. This type of wound can result from a bump, blow, or jolt to the cranium. It may even result from the penetration of a foreign object into the brain tissue. Most TBI’s result from car accidents, sports injuries, blunt trauma, unintentional injuries and falls, with falls accountingRead MoreEssay on Outline of a Research Aticle1033 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion 3.2: Outline of a Research Article The Use of Hypothermia as a Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury 1. Introduction and core story elements a. What is the overview of the purpose of the study and the problem discussed? i. Research has shown that hypothermia has neuroprotective effects and might be an effective source of treatment for patients with head injuries. When discussing the treatment of patients with traumatic brain injuries, hypothermia is a controversial issue. The purposeRead MoreIntracranial Pressure (Icp3967 Words   |  16 PagesIntracranial Pressure (ICP): Overview: ⠝‘ Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the hydrostatic force measured in the brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment. Intracranial Pressure (ICP) is the combination of the pressure exerted by the brain tissue, blood, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The modified Monro- kellie doctrine states that these three components must remain at a relatively constant volume within the closed skull structure. ⠝‘ If the volume of any one of the three componentsRead MoreReflection on Mentorship1831 Words   |  8 PagesNursing Management of a Patient with Raised Intracranial Pressure after Traumatic Brain Injury and Dealing with Family Anxiety. Introduction The aim of this assignment is to explore, analyse and evaluate the nursing management of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) and family anxiety after head injury. In order to obtain a wider knowledge of the care of patients with raised ICP, a literature review was carried out. From this information I hope to improve the standard of care and ultimatelyRead MoreChapter 57 Nursing Management Acute Intracranial Problems5305 Words   |  22 PagesChapter 57: Nursing Management: Acute Intracranial Problems Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Family members of a patient who has a traumatic brain injury ask the nurse about the purpose of the ventriculostomy system being used for intracranial pressure monitoring. Which response by the nurse is best? a. â€Å"This type of monitoring system is complex and it is managed by skilled staff.† b. â€Å"The monitoring system helps show whether blood flow to the brain is adequate.† c. â€Å"The ventriculostomy monitoring systemRead MoreTBI Case Study1548 Words   |  7 PagesLevel of consciousness (LOC), Altered mental status (AMS), Post traumatic amnesia (PTA), and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) were implemented in the evaluation of the severity of the TBI, as shown below: Mild (concussion) Moderate Severe Structural imaging: Normal Normal or abnormal Normal or abnormal LOC: 0–30 min

Creating Blakes Tyger Essay - 3597 Words

Creating Blake’s â€Å"Tyger† The Eighteenth-century British Romantic, William Blake, was an accomplished painter, engraver, and illustrator during his lifetime, but is best remembered for his poetry. Though Blake’s genius was generally dismissed by the public of his own era and he died with little acclaim, he has since been regarded as one of the greatest figures of the Romantic Movement. Whether with paint or pen, Blake is renowned for his ability to create works of art which, over the years, have succeeded in both amazing and perplexing his audience. â€Å"The Tyger,† from his 1794 â€Å"Songs of Experience† collection, is one such poem whose elusive meaning is widely debated. The work becomes problematic for readers since, when†¦show more content†¦While other â€Å"immortals† are created in literature, these two options seem most logical to address first. While this initial step, recognizing the dual meaning of â€Å"immortal,† seems fairly obvious, it is ofte n overlooked. When it is called into question, however, the mention of the creator as one who is immortal sparks theories that have been debated for as long as critics have been struggling to break down Blake’s complex work. Burton Raffel, a professional translator and English professor was challenged with the onerous task of rewriting the poem in French. He points out in his 2002 article, published in the Literary Review journal, that many people, at first glance, misinterpret the possibilities for the meaning of the word, â€Å"immortal,† by failing to recognize the inherent duality. Raffel asserts initially that, â€Å"The word ‘immortal’ assures us, if nothing else does, that God is the undeniable power of whom Blake speaks,† but upon further analysis, Raffel refutes his own argument by asking, â€Å"Why then does [Blake] put the matter interrogatively? Is it because he wishes to shed doubt on Gods powers? Or to advocate some other ‘i mmortal’ presence as the true power behind creation?† (632). It is the latter sentence that speaks to the actual nature of the poem; Blake provides evidence that should not so quickly be disregarded as to whom the passage may refer. By presenting the reader with â€Å"immortal† as the first criterion for the tyger’s creator, BlakeShow MoreRelatedThe Contrasting World Views in William Blake’s â€Å"the Lamb† and â€Å"the Tyger†941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Contrasting World Views in William Blake’s â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger† A person’s view of the world is very situational, depending on their life experiences and their religious beliefs. William Blake examines two different world views in the poems â€Å"The Lamb,† and â€Å"The Tyger.† These poems were written as a pairing which were shown in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience respectively. While the first poem deals with a view of the world as innocent and beautiful, the other suggestsRead More Comparison of the Poems The Tyger and The Lamb Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of the Poems The Tyger and The Lamb In William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience we are confronted with a powerful juxtaposition of nature. The innocuous ‘lamb’ and the ferocious ‘Tyger’ are designed to be interpreted in comparison with each other. Both creatures innovatively define childhood, they provide a contrast between youthful innocence and the experience of age contaminating it. ‘The Lamb’ is simplistic in vocabulary and style, Blake uses childish repetitionsRead MoreOpposition in William Blakes The Lamb and the Tyger689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Opposition in William Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger William Blakes Songs of Innocence and Experience contain some of his most known poems including The Lamb from Songs of Innocence and The Tyger from Songs of Experience. These two poems are intended to reflect contrasting views of religion, innocence, and creation, with The Tyger examining the intrinsic relationship between good and evil. Blake utilizes contrasting images and symbols to examine opposing perspectives of good and evilRead MoreThe Tyger By William Blake1168 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion their God and the way the world is. William Blake’s compilation of poems called the Songs of Innocence and Experience questions the good and evil in the daily lives of human beings. This collection of poems includes The Tyger, a partnered poem in the series with The Lamb. Blake offers a new way of interpreting God through His creations in The Tyger. Blake demonstrates the fierceness of the tyger’s creator throughout the poem. The tyger is viewed as a vicious creature that p eople view as aRead MoreEssay on The Tyger698 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Tyger† Ana Melching Does god create both gentle and fearful creatures? If he does what right does he have? Both of these rhetorical questions are asked by William Blake in his poem â€Å"The Tyger.† The poem takes the reader on a journey of faith, questioning god and his nature. The poem completes a cycle of questioning the creator of the tyger, discussing how it could have been created, and then returns to questioning the creator again. Both questions about the tyger’sRead MoreContemplating Gods Creation in William Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger1205 Words   |  5 PagesBlake decided to write about mystical beings and Gods. Two examples of the poet expressing his point of view are seen in â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Lamb.† Both poems demonstrate how the world is and to sharpen one’s perception. People perceive the world in their own outlook, often times judging things before they even know the deeper meaning of its inner personification. Blake’s wondrous questions actually make an acceptable point because he questions whether God created the tiger with the same intentionsRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Lamb And The Tyger1493 Words   |  6 Pagesstandout poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† respectively taken from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, demonstrate Blake’s meditation on how innocence and experience in life create a binary and compl ementary relationship that is observable in our outer world as well as in our inner being. As one of the titles in his Songs of Innocence, William Blake chooses the lamb, naturally gentle and docile, as a representative of the concept of innocence. In Blake’s poem, a child shepherd addresses theRead More Practical Criticism: The Tyger William Blake Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesPractical Criticism: The Tyger William Blake Blakes poem The Tyger - written somewhere between 1785 and 1789 - was first published in Songs of Innocence and Experience. These two interconnected books of poetry were intended to show the two contrary states of the human soul. Appropriately enough The Tyger appeared in the second book, Experience, and has as its natural counter part The Lamb in Innocence. The Tyger as a poem is a perennial international favourite. It has been moreRead More Analysis of The Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesreflect this. In fact, from Blake’s ‘Songs of Innocence and of Experience’ there are a number of poems, describing what life could be like and in reality what life is like. Two examples are ‘The Lamb’ and ‘The Tyger’. We can see he uses poetic techniques to set up such clashes. These two poems demonstrate exactly Blake’s views on the ills of society, mainly referring to the industrial revolution and the impacts and consequences it brought. ‘The Lamb’ and ‘The Tyger’ are both poems written inRead MorePoetry Analysis: The Tyger Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake’s 1793 poem â€Å"The Tyger† has many interpretations, but its main purpose is to question God as a creator. Its poetic techniques generate a vivid picture that encourages the reader to see the Tyger as a horrifying and terrible being. The speaker addresses the question of whether or not the same God who made the lamb, a gentle creature, could have also formed the Tyger and all its darkness. This issue is addressed through many poetic devices including rhyme, repetition, allusion, and symbolism

Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature a Bibliography Free Essays

string(273) " be labeled as feminists because of the overtones of westernization the term carries, but they also point out that most African women writers are committed, in the words of Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie, â€Å"as a writer, as a woman and as a third world person† \(339\)\." Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature: A Bibliography By Sharon Verba July 20, 1997 Those women who struggle without giving up hope, herald the impending change†¦ : change in attitude for both men and women as they evaluate and re-evaluate their social roles†¦. -Rosemary Moyana, â€Å"Men Women† Rereading, willful misreading, and de- and re-coding are tools used in African literature and womanist or feminist discourse to challenge â€Å"canonized ‘literature'† that tends to black out Black and blanch out Woman. -Kofi Owusu, â€Å"Canons Under Siege† T]he collective effort has to emerge from the ranks of those whose life is theorized. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature: a Bibliography or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Sisi Maqagi, â€Å"Who Theorizes† Feminist criticism of African literatures is a steadily growing field. The following bibliography includes articles and essays in English and French which examine African literatures (fiction, poetry, drama and oral literature) from a feminist or womanist perspective. It does not include, unfortunately, criticism in other languages — such as Wolof, Xhosa, Zulu, Portuguese, German, or Arabic — due to my own inability to read those languages. Also, authors whose works are originally written in languages other than French or English, such as Ngugi wa Thiongo’s plays and the novel, Devil on the Cross, and Nawal al Sa’dawi’s works, may be under-represented in this bibliography, as criticism often tends to be written in the language of the work being addressed. The first sections of this essay will present overviews on two key issues for those interested in both feminism and African literatures: the current ebate over the role of feminist criticisms in addressing African literatures, and an examination of the changes which have developed over the past decade in the ways feminist criticism approaches African literatures. This examination will trace these changes from 1985-1996 by considering articles which represent the ongoing evolution of feminist criticism in this field. Finally, this essay also includes a section which explains my methodology and sources in compiling the bibliography, and a section off ering hints for future searches, especially of online indexes. Feminist Criticism and African Literature Many issues of concern to feminist/womanist thought are raised and addressed in these articles. (1) Among the issues taken up in the state of feminist theory and criticism are the importance of feminism as a literary critical method; the representation and mis-representation of women in literary texts; the education of women; the access of women to the economic means of survival; motherhood; women in the domestic sphere; women as part of their communities; women’s role in politics and revolution; sexuality; and the direct treatment of women by men, and men by women. Underlying this array of specific interests are questions of gender in representation and of the reality or realities of life for women in Africa–past, present, and future. The arguments found in the articles in this bibliography present a multiplicity of views, a few of which may even be anti-feminist, but all of which make gender a basis of discussion, and all of which offer much for the consideration of feminist thought with respect to African literatures. The state of feminist literary criticism/thought in Africa â€Å"now† is the direct focus of several of the articles, although all of the articles could be said in some degree or another to be a part of this particular debate. I put â€Å"now† in quotations, because these articles cover a broad range of time–1980-1996– and those which focus on this particular topic present an evolving discourse. Two collections of essays in particular are noteworthy for their presentation of a range of ideas on feminism and literary criticism in Africa: Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature (1986) and South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism 990-1994 (1995). Ngambika includes twenty articles which focus on the representation of women in African literature. Taken together the articles provide an invaluable overview of the types of feminist criticism being applied to African literatures in the mid 1980s, although most do not focus on the issue of fem inism as a critical method. One essay in this collection proves a notable exception. In the collection’s introductory essay Carole Boyce Davies(2) does write of the tension found in the works of many critics of African literatures, especially female critics. These critics, she says, work out of a growing awareness of the requirement to balance both â€Å"the need to liberate African peoples from neo-colonialism and other forms of race and class oppression, coupled with a respect for certain features of traditional African cultures,† and â€Å"the recognition that a feminist consciousness is necessary in examining the position of women in African societies† (1). Davies then outlines the issues of women writers in Africa (including the relatively small number of women writers) and the presentation of women in fiction written by African men, as well as the development of an African feminist criticism. In her treatment of the latter concern, she lists four major areas which African feminist critics tend to address: the development of the canon of African women writers, the examination of stereotyped images of women in African literature, the study of African women writers and the development of an African female aesthetic, and the examination of women and the oral tradition (13-14). While Davies acknowledges the objections African women writers and critics have to the term â€Å"feminist† and discusses womanist theory, she focuses on the idea of a developing African feminist theory which will not only perform the balancing act mentioned at the beginning, but continue to address the major issues she has outlined. Seven years later, in the 1993 publication A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures, Davies and Elaine Savory Fido contributed a chapter entitled â€Å"African Women Writers: A Literary History. In it, they examine African women writers and their writings, focusing especially on the styles and genres used by these writers. Included is a brief segment on â€Å"Feminism and African Women Writers† as well as a separate section on â€Å"Criticism and African Women’s Writing. † In the section on feminism, they note the continued reluctance of many African women writers and critics to be labeled as feminists because of th e overtones of westernization the term carries, but they also point out that most African women writers are committed, in the words of Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie, â€Å"as a writer, as a woman and as a third world person† (339). You read "Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature: a Bibliography" in category "Papers" This triple commitment encompasses much of the politics of African feminism, as well as womanism, whether the labels are accepted or not. Fido and Davies conclude: â€Å"The role and history of feminist politics or activism on women’s rights in Africa is a discourse which African women are studying and clarifying for themselves† (339). One of the places in which this discourse can be seen is South African Feminisms: Writing, Theory and Criticism 1990-1994. South African Feminisms presents a collection of articles on feminist literature and criticism, including and expanding the debate on feminist criticism of African literatures which was part of the special issue Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 2 (1990). M. J. Daymond’s introduction gives a good overview of the issues raised in the collection, including the debate over feminist criticism and the development of an African feminist theory. The section â€Å"Theory and Context† includes eight articles originally published from 1990-1993. Taken together, these articles constitute an excellent sampling of some of the issues and trends in African feminist criticism, including Sisi Maqagi’s â€Å"Who Theorizes? † in which she questions the ability of white critics, African or non-African, female or male, to develop a theory which will adequately address the issues of black African women, rather than appropriating those issues, and the voices which raise them. Jill Arnott, in an article entitled â€Å"French Feminism in a South Africa? Gayatri Spivak and the Problem of Representation in South African Feminism,† contends that difference, which can often lead to misrepresentation, can also at times lead to accurate and insightful work: â€Å"to power a genuinely dialectical interaction between two vigilantly foregrounded subject-positions,† but only with an awareness of the position of ifference and a consciousness of the act of representation (87). Desiree Lewis, in â€Å"The Politics of Feminism in South Africa,† counters that such a conscious and effective use of difference may well be impossible, as long as there is a political climate in which white female academics are attempting to hold on to their power within the academy, at the expense of black women. In the same article she also points out that unless black working class women can make their statements about the current â€Å"oppressive orthodoxies† and do so without creating, as she argues Western feminism has, another oppressive orthodoxy, there may be no way out of the current impasse. Changes in Feminist Criticism of African Literature Although some of the articles included in this bibliography, like those above, examine feminist literary criticism as a topic, most focus on literary concerns: texts, authors, or issues. In the seventeen years this bibliography spans there are shifts in the coverage these concerns are given. Critical analyses of individual authors naturally both broaden and deepen over the years, especially as an individual author’s body of work grows or is reclaimed from obscurity. In general, in the 1990s there are fewer works of criticism that examine several authors and more which focus on individuals and their work than there were in the 1980s. Also, the topics focused upon subtly shift over the years. Images of women in the works of†¦. † could be the subtitle for many of the articles written in the 1980s as feminist critics examined representations, or misrepresentations, of African women in literary texts. At the same time these critics raised the question of the role of African authors, male and female, in expanding and/or correcting such representations. These concerns are still addressed; indeed, the feminist criticism on these topics is, like the criticis m of specific authors, expanding and deepening. To highlight these changes, I shall examine here some of the collections and representative individual articles which have been produced over the years, beginning with the landmark collection Ngambika, which was published in 1986, followed by Women in African Literature Today in 1987, articles by Kofi Owusu and Elleke Boehmer in 1990, the 1990 issue of Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature published in 1995 and The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature in 1996. All of the articles in the first section of Ngambika overtly tackle the issue of the representations of women in the works of African authors. Carole Boyce Davies writes one of these articles: â€Å"Maidens, Mistresses, and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka Works. † In it, she argues that Soyinka often offers only stereotyped images of women which fall into one of three categories: the foolish virgin in rural settings, the femme fatale in urban settings, and the masculinized matron. Those characters which fall in the latter category, in Davies’ opinion, come closest to being non-stereotypes, but even they are drawn with â€Å"no depth† (81). The â€Å"foolish virgins† and the â€Å"femme fatales,† Davies argues, fill only the roles of stereotypes and symbols, possessions or trophies to be won away from Western influences by African traditions, or, more threateningly, these women are seen as dangers which can distract and destroy. Davies acknowledges that Soyinka sometimes shows women briefly in a positive light but notes that â€Å"throughout Soyinka’s works one finds the kernel of positive portrayal of the female image which is never fully realized† (85). Davies concludes with the argument â€Å"that the artist has the power to create new realities;†¦ women as neither victors nor victims but partners in struggle† (86). Davies’ article is representative of the criticism which examines the image of women in African literatures. That is, she carefully addresses the concerns of the author (i. e. he need for recognizable symbols) as she argues against the relegation of women solely to symbolic roles, asking for characterizations which do not â€Å"[reinforce] a negative perception of self to the female viewer/reader and, concomitantly, a condescension in the appraisal of women on the part of the male† (78). In the years following the publishing of Ngambika, several journals and monograph series devoted to African literatures published issues on women as authors of or characters in African literatures. One of the first was the Women in African Literature Today issue of African Literature Today (Vol. 5). Like Ngambika, this issue contains many excellent articles, almost all of which are written from a feminist perspective. I would like to discuss two of these articles as representative not merely of this particular collection, but of the feminist criticism on African literatures being published at this time. In â€Å"Feminist Issues in the Fiction of Kenya’s Women Writers† Jean F. O’Barr list three main categories of feminist concerns in the fiction of Kenyan woman writers: â€Å"how female children become women; †¦ what marriage means for women;†¦ here women’s work fits into their lives† (57). O’Barr notes that the women authors she analyzes â€Å"all write from the woman’s point of view, shar ply underscoring the idea that the female perspective †¦. may be different from the male perspective on the same topic† (58). O’Barr analyzes the works of Kenya’s female authors from a sociological approach, hoping to establish a stronger image of the social lives of Kenya’s women than is possible from the works of male authors. She concludes that Kenya’s women find themselves in a quadruple bind: â€Å"they see themselves performing traditional roles†¦ ithout traditional resources†¦ while at the same time they are undertaking modern activities†¦ while being denied access to modern support systems† (69). While O’Barr looks at the fiction of Kenyan women in order to locate the reality of women’s lives, Katherine Frank attempts in the controversial article â€Å"Women without Men: The Feminist Novel in Africa† to find a radically feminist future for African women. Frank endeavors to place African women w riters into the Western feminist mold by speaking of their work as a more radical extension of the Western feminist tradition. In speaking of â€Å"the contemporary British or American novel† she claims â€Å"our heroine slams the door on her domestic prison, journeys out into the great world, slays the dragon of her patriarchal society, and triumphantly discovers the grail of feminism by ‘finding herself,'† (14). She argues that in comparison African novels by women go far beyond their Western counterparts, refusing to â€Å"dabble in daydreaming about enlightened heroes or reformed, non-sexist societies,† (15). Frank finds that the â€Å"feminist† writers of Africa portray women not only as taking on active and shared roles with men, but as finding â€Å"a destiny of their own. †¦ destiny with a vengeance,† (15). Frank contends that Mariama Ba, Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta and Ama Ata Aidoo’s novels are, in their feminisms, â€Å"more radical, even more militant, than [their] Western counterpart[s]† (15). But Frank’s interpretations place Af rican heroines on a path which is not different, but rather the same, if more intense, than the one taken by the British and American heroines she notes above. Frank stresses that in these novels women find only pain and degradation in their relationships with men, but on their own and in their relationships with other women they find â€Å"female solidarity, power, independence† (33). In her interpretation, Barr neglects to note examples in which the future is shared by men and women. For example, when she speaks of Mariama Ba’s So Long a Letter, she focuses on Ramatoulaye and Aissatou’s friendship and the â€Å"world they create apart from men,† (20). While this in itself glosses over the complex (and by no means completely negative) relationships these women have with the men in their lives, she also does not speak of Ramatoulaye’s daughter and son-in-law, and the hope Ramatoulaye finds in their relationship. In this article, Frank does not acknowledge a difference between demonstrating that a woman’s worth is not inextricable from her relationship with men, that a woman can take care of herself, as Ramatoulaye discovers, and an actual desire to live a life without men. However, controversial as some of her interpretations are, her essay effectively outlines the some of the subtle feminisms of African women novelists. Katherine Frank’s stance is one which falls into the category of â€Å"radical, feminist-separatist ideology† which Kofi Owusu defines and rejects in his article in Callaloo entitled â€Å"Canons Under Siege: Blackness, Femaleness, and Ama Ata Aidoo’s Our Sister Killjoy†(1990). While Frank sees Aidoo’s character Sissie as moving towards an autonomous, self-determining life without men (Frank 32), Owusu finds Aidoo to be â€Å"in tune with the ‘old’ (Achebe’s ‘vast corpus of African traditional stories’) and the ‘new’ (‘modern feminist theory’) (357). Owusu sees Aidoo, and other female writers, not as bridging a gap between Western and African thought but creating something new out of both and challenging the canons that would ignore either black or female concerns. Much of Owusu’s article analyzes â€Å"the discontinuities as well as continuities between womanist-feminist perspectives, on the one hand, and African literature, on the other† (342), allowing Owusu to regard Aidoo’s work as one which â€Å"give[s] a sense of structural and linguistic irony which is functional. †¦ signify[ing] a couple of things: the need for, and very process of, revamping† (361). Here, the canons need to be reformed in recognition of both race and gender, not one or the other, or one without the other. While Kofi Owusu focused on Aidoo’s linguistic and textual manipulations, the question of the image of women in African literature continues to be a highly examined topic. Elleke Boehmer explores the construction of women as mothers, whores, representations of national pride, or finally, as spiritual advisors and supporters, but not as individuals actively and crucially involved in political activity. In â€Å"Of Goddesses and Stories: Gender and a New Politics in Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah,† Boehmer analyzes Chinua Achebe’s efforts to include women in his re-vision of the future and questions whether women remain a â€Å"vehicle† of transformation rather than actual women with an active role in the future of the country, that is, whether â€Å"woman is the ground of change or discursive displacement but not the subject of transformation† (102). She concludes that Achebe has still idealized women but that his creation of a female character with an important yet undefined role for the future has opened up space for women to have active and involved roles, side by side with men, in the building of the future. Like Davies’ article on Soyinka from Ngambika discussed earlier, Boehmer’s work recognizes Achebe’s literary prowess and commends his willingness to make women positive symbols, but in the end laments the lack of depth in his female characters. Although South African Feminisms was published in 1996, many of the articles in it come from the 1990 issue of Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, which was dedicated to â€Å"Feminism and Writing. † This issue continued the trend of publishing articles debating not only the appropriateness of feminism in an African context but also the challenges of applying it to African literatures, as well as articles focusing on women writers or women’s images in literature. In â€Å"A Correspondence Without Theory: Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions,† Brenda Bosman addresses the psychological dislocation forced upon the women of the heroine’s family by â€Å"Englishness,† the term used by her mother to describe the process of assimilation which various members of the family undergo. However, one of the most interesting aspects of the article is Bosman’s explicit attempt to find a position from which to speak, as a white South African woman, to –not for, or of– Dangarembga. She writes her article in the form of a letter to Dangarembga, and acknowledges that she might not have succeeded in finding a legitimate position: â€Å"you may find†¦ despite all my conscious efforts, I have nonetheless submitted to the voice of my education†(311). Considering the problematics of education in Nervous Conditions, this could be seen as a double entendre, but her article shows a conscious attempt to find a place from which to speak comfortably, an increasingly difficult matter for some African feminists. The last two articles I will discuss reveal change in the field of feminist criticism of Africa on two levels: both are located in collections of essays on African literature which can be considered â€Å"general,† and both are examples of the further increase in variety in the forms of feminist criticism of African literature. Although very good collections of critical essays focusing exclusively on women and African literature are published, it is important to note that few, if any â€Å"general† collections are now being published without the inclusion of at least one, if not several essays which address feminist concerns. In Essays on African Writing 2: Contemporary Literature (1995), there are three articles which are written from a feminist perspective. One of these is Belinda Jack’s â€Å"Strategies of Transgression in the Writings of Assia Djebar. † In it she explores the means by which Djebar writes for Arabic women of Algeria in the language of the colonizer. Jack distinguishes Djebar’s writings by arguing that her â€Å"texts are not written in the French language but a French language† a language which no longer belongs to the colonizers because of the deliberate shifts Djebar makes (23). Jack also notes that Djebar also transgresses against Islam in her choices of subject matter, especially sexuality, again firm in the knowledge that while such speech may be a transgression, it is only a transgression because with speech (or writing) comes power. The last article I wish to discuss also focuses on Assia Djebar and her concerns with Islam. The Marabout and the Muse: New Approaches to Islam in African Literature (1996) contains four articles which approach literature from a distinctly feminist perspective: one on Somali women’s Sittaat (songs sung for and to notable women in Islamic history), one on the tradition of female Islamic writers in Nigeria, and two which examine Djebar’s Loin de Medine. In â€Å"Daughters of Hagar: Daughters of Muhammad† Sonia Lee argues that through her early fictional exploration of women in Islam, Djebar is attempting to make a space for Islamic women â€Å"to reclaim the true law of God† (60). Lee finds that Djebar’s historical training combined with her literary skills allow her to â€Å"[oscillate] between the actual and the probable, thus underlying the real subject matter of the novel, †¦. the problematic of Islamic collective memory with regard to women† (51). The above articles typify the growing expansion of feminist approaches to African literatures. While feminist criticisms continue to broaden the literary canon by bringing literature by African women to critical attention and continue to address the representation of African women in literatures, the methods used by such criticism in relation to African literatures continue to evolve. As feminist critics, both African and non-African, use sociological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, historical and other approaches to broaden the examination of African literatures, at least some Western feminist critics are also trying to incorporate a heightened awareness of their own positions with regards to the authors and literatures they discuss. Methodology This bibliography is, in every sense of the word, selective. African authors were included if an article (in English or French) could be located which discussed him or her from the angle of feminism, womanism, or the treatment of gender. Authors were not excluded or included on any other basis, including race and gender. Interviews were included for many of the female writers because such interviews often are a main source of feminist thought (their own) on their works. The sources I used to find these articles were the bibliographies of African literature located in the journal Callaloo (1987-89 and 1990-93), the MLA Bibliography, the African studies bibliographies for the years 1995-96, the CD-Rom resource Women’s Resources International, 1972-August 1996, as well as various library catalogs for monographs, whether collections or single-authored. In addition, I scanned the bibliographies of articles and books to find other relevant citations. There are several good bibliographies which focus, at least in part, on feminist criticism of African literatures from the 1970s through the mid 1980s. Brenda Berrian’s Bibliography of African Women Writers and Journalists, Carole Boyce Davies’ â€Å"A Bibliography of Criticism and Related Works† in Ngambika, and Barbara Fister’s bibliography on criticism in Third World Women’s Literature in combination cover this earlier period very thoroughly. I did not use these bibliographies to compile this one; to avoid excess duplication, I have focused on criticism published from 1980 on and simply cite these earlier bibliographies at the end of this one, although I am sure some duplication has occurred. This bibliography is organized by authors and also includes a section on general works, which is organized first by those which cover African literatures without focusing on a specific country, region or author, then by region, and then individual countries. Works of criticism are placed in this section if they refer to several authors/works from the continent, a particular region, or country. If an article focuses on four or fewer authors, it is included under the name of each author. The bibliography includes articles on eighty-seven individual authors, as well as general articles on Africa, East Africa, North Africa, West Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Somali, South Africa, and Zimbabwe; it cites more than four hundred articles and monographs. It is interesting to compare the authors found in this bibliography with the ninety-five authors found in the biography section of Hans Zell’s A New Reader’s Guide to African Fiction (1st ed. , 1971; 2nd rev. ed. ,1983). The authors in Zell’s work are often considered the early canon of African literatures. Only twenty-five authors appear in both the current bibliography and Hans Zell’s Guide. There may be several reasons for this difference. Many of the authors included in my bibliography were not then considered a part of the canon of African literature; and a few had not even published at the time Zell’s work appeared. Carole Boyce Davies also offers an insight which may explain the lack of overlap. She notes in her introduction to Ngambika that one of the priorities of African feminist literary criticism is â€Å"the development of a canon of African women writers and a parallel canon of critical works with the final aim of expanding the African literary canon† (14). The Guides were compiled in the early years of this expansion, and it is quite possible that today the lists would be more reflective of each other. At the same time, many African women writers actively rebuke attempts to place African men on the defensive, arguing that a critical approach to literature (as well as other social, political, and cultural expressions) must explore the strengths of both African women and African men. While feminist criticism does focus on male authors, it more often strives to bring to the forefront of literary discussions the works of female African authors and the strong, individualistic portrayals of women they offer. Future Search Hints The issues discussed above make feminist criticism of African fiction an exciting and dynamic field. They also make it a very complex field to research. There are several issues to keep in mind when beginning research in this area. One of the most difficult to overcome is the lack of coverage of this area in mainstream indexing sources, such as the MLA, especially when one looks for early works, which were often carried in journals not then indexed by the MLA. Other sources which do cover these journals, such as the excellent bibliographies periodically offered by Callaloo on studies of African literature, do not offer separate sections for feminist criticism, and it is necessary to assess which ones are relevant by the titles or, at times, the authors, of the articles. For my own part it should be noted that it is entirely possible that I have missed articles which should appear in this bibliography. Many of the best sources are only available in print, such as International African Bibliography, Current Bibliography of African Affairs, and Cahiers d’etudes africaines, which are more time-consuming to search, but well worth the effort. As the discussion above indicates, the term â€Å"feminism† can be extremely limiting when it is being used as a descriptor in either online or print indexes. For this reason, it is advisable to keep other terms in mind when searching for articles, whether in print or electronic resources, such as the keywords/descriptors â€Å"Gender† and â€Å"Womanism/Womanist†. It is important, as well, not to limit searches to the term â€Å"African. † While some articles are indexed with this descriptor, those articles which deal with a specific author may be listed under that author’s country instead, as of course are those which deal with the literatures of a specific region or country. Finally, especially when searching for articles in online indexes, it is useful to keep in mind specific topics, such as â€Å"sexuality,† â€Å"motherhood,† and â€Å"politics† combined with â€Å"women† or â€Å"female. â€Å" How to cite Feminist and Womanist Criticism of African Literature: a Bibliography, Papers

Global Advertising

Question: Using the Internet, find two examples of global advertising. What characteristics make these campaigns global? Answer: Global Advertising: Introduction: Advertising has been one of the major communication strategies that a company applies in order to get an attention in the market. Global Advertising aims to maximize the effectiveness of propagation and increase in the speed of a companys planning implementation. The report consist of a brief study the strategies of KFC and Coca cola. They are the leading brand of their respective product and hence have a differentiated strategy respectively. Firstly building a brand- this requires a good knowledge of the global market, a thorough research and a creative mind to find out the current requirement of the market. The information technology plays a vital role.(Referenceforbusiness.com, 2015) Secondly developing economies of scale in creative process- Due to globalization every country can innovate and share their products for selling that requires creative economies of scale for global advertising. Thirdly maximizing effectiveness of advertising (in global, domestic, local basis).advertising is considered the only way through which a company reaches its market. Today it has been the medium of introduction, the most important communication tool and the key factor of sustenance. (Kelley Jugenheimer, 2004) In this age of competition increasing the Organizations speed of implementation is one of the prime objectives of global advertisers. Here are two major examples of global advertising by two companies. 1. Coca Cola Ad description: Depicts the happiness that a emotional person receives when a coke suddenly drops in the internet system. It explains that happiness can be spread through internet also. (YouTube, 2015) Mood emotional Tagline The World is What We Make It. Target youngsters The success of coca cola consist of five major factors, they are- a unique and recognized brand, the quality, the marketing, the global availability and the ongoing innovation. Being the largest beverage company in the world, coca cola began building its global network in the 1920s (Businesscasestudies.co.uk, 2015). The two key characteristics of this advertisement: The tagline and the jingle: the tagline suggests Open Happiness (iSpot.tv, 2015) which states that if you have coke then you would experience happiness. The jingle is a collaboration composition of many famous singers and composer that includes Brendon UriefromPanic! At the Disco, and Patrick stump from fall out boy. The advertisement broadcasting time: this advertisement slot was in time of American Idol, a popular TV reality show that is broadcasted in the prime time. This advertisement was effective because of the approach to the youngsters broadcasting is time of a popular show that the youngsters prefer. Youth oriented: The advertisement is very acceptable because it is also available with various videos on the internet, especially those videos that are youth oriented.to the audience because of its approach and technological advancement that has been portrayed. 2. KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) Ad description: Over foods in Lid a family prefers to have KFC bucket. (YouTube, 2015). Mood funny Tagline "There's fast food, then there's KFC, Target Universal Worlds second largest restaurant chain after McDonalds owns and franchises around 18,875 outlets in 118 countries. KFC follows innovativeness and creativity in its advertising strategy. The advertising includes combined offers to which not only the audience gets hungry but also allured by the offers (Scribd.com, 2015). The key characteristics of this advertisement: It attracts the audience by the humor used, the quantities offered, along with a product offer that instigates the viewers hungry diet. The advertisement also makes a simple approach of reducing the use of lid. The advertisement is it was aired during broadcast of the popular tv show, how I met your mother. The show is a family drama and the majority target audience being family. The universal approach is also a key factor because most of the families have frozen food, so in order to move out of the daily routine KFC makes it a special day for a family. 3. Multi domestic advertisement: The concept of multi domestic advertisement differs from that of global advertisement; it assumes consumers from different geographical boundaries of a country. Based on consumer demands products are introduced for every market. For highly differentiated products a multi-domestic advertising is ideal. L'Oral Ad description: The product is branded by popular Bollywood actor Aishwariya Rai. It shows the actor dressed in exactly the same colour combined dress with that of the product. She explains how it solves 5 problem related to hairs. (YouTube, 2015) Mood informational Tagline "because youre worth it Target women The L'Oral group is famous for its French cosmetics and beauty make ups and various other complimentary products. It was founded in 1909 and presently earning a profit of $2.96 billion. The key characteristics of this advertisement: To make it multi-domestically acceptable this advertisement is a Niche advertisement and focuses on target audience and in this ad is targeted to the Indian women. Broadcasted on afternoon especially for the house wife masses, it endorses the Bollywood actor as the actor is presently internationally famous. The key feature is the tagline suggesting that having L'Oral is because one is worthy enough to use it. The advertisement is visually also approachable as the brand ambassador is also wearing the same colored dress with that of the product. Conclusion: Today, most of the companies advertising strategies focus on achieving three common goals, they are To Promote responsiveness of a business and its product or services; To arouse sales directly and draw competitors' customers , and To establish or modify a business' image. For effective advertising strategies a company has to keep in mind the product concept, the target customer, the communication media and the advertising message. Through the details of the two companies it can be said that these factors were highly focused and hence did reach out worldwide. References Businesscasestudies.co.uk,. (2015).Sponsorship and brand recognition - Within an arm's reach of desire - Coca-Cola Great Britain | Coca-Cola Great Britain case studies and information | Business Case Studies. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/coca-cola-great-britain/within-an-arms-reach-of-desire/sponsorship-and-brand-recognition.html#axzz3RPFM3bBF Entrepreneur,. (2001).The Truth Behind KFC's New Tagline. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/46276 iSpot.tv,. (2015).Coca-Cola TV Commercial, 'Screaming Taste Buds'. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.ispot.tv/ad/7xpq/coca-cola-screaming-taste-buds Kelley, L., Jugenheimer, D. (2004).Advertising media planning. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Referenceforbusiness.com,. (2015).Advertising Strategy - percentage, type, cost, Stages of advertising strategy. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/A-Bo/Advertising-Strategy.html YouTube,. (2015).L'Oreal Paris Total Repair 5 Shampoo advertisement with Aishwarya Rai All.mp4. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yqi35Adbbks YouTube,. (2015).Official Coca-Cola "Big Game" Commercial 2015 #MakeItHappy. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibgvkXm9Qkc

Issue in Pakistan free essay sample

Project Report On Kentucky Fried Chicken From Supervised by : Prof. Dr. Zain Yousafzai Submitted by : Siawoosh Wared ( BBA Hons ) Registration # 1711-306055 ( BBA 11th ) Preston University Peshawar Session 2006 – 2010 Project Report Marketing Strategies With Reference To Kentucky Fried Chicken A Project report submitted to the Preston University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Business Administration. Supervised by : Prof. Dr. Zain Yousafzai Submitted by : Siawoosh Wared ( BBA Hons ) Registration # 1711 – 306055 ( BBA 11th ) Preston University Peshawar Session : 2006 – 2010 Project Report cities, KFC is teaming up with other restaurants, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, selling nearly fifty years ago; Colonel Sanders invented what is now called â€Å"home meal replacement† – selling complete meals to harried, time-strapped families. He called it, â€Å"Sunday Dinner, Seven Days a Week. † Today, the Colonel’s spirit and heritage are reflected in KFC’s brand identity – the logo features Colonel Harland Sanders, one of the best recognized icons in the world. KFC KFC specialized in chicken and they says, â€Å"No body’s cooking like KFC today and we are the chicken experts† â€Å"There is no competitor for spicy chicken which is made by KFC† Introducing New Product Now enjoy T2O Cricket festivity with KFCs exciting new offer; Get a complete T20 Meal Box which includes; 1 Zinger Burger, 3 pcs. Hot Wings, 1 regular Drink, 1 Fries and 1 Dinner Roll ! in only Rs 320/- only Pricing Issues Pricing Policy for â€Å"Zinger Burger† new product from KFC Manufacturing cost RS. 180/- 5% marketing cost ( Per. Unit ) RS. 50/- Total cost RS. 230/- 15% G. S. T +15% RETAIL MARGIN RS. 90/- Total retail Price RS. 320/- Pricing Strategy for â€Å"Deal 6† From KFC Manufacturing cost RS. 140/- 5% marketing cost ( Per. Unit ) RS. 25/- Total cost RS. 165/- 15% G. S. T +15% RETAIL MARGIN RS. 45/- Total retail Price RS. 210/- Project Report On Chapter No # 2nd Situation Analysis Department of Business Administration Preston University Peshawar KFC History KFC is an internationally renowned fast food industry in the world. They have the main ambition to increase maintain the quality in fast food industry. Their aim is to capture the fast food market. Basically they want to provide their products to anyone that is why they expanding their branches in all over the world. They want to increase their profit through giving maximum satisfaction other better facilities to people that they want. Now after catching such a marvelous position in the International Market, KFC is introducing a new item â€Å"Boneless Fried Chicken†, with even more attractive and charming taste. Company’s Overview Colonel Harland sanders, born September 9, 1890, actively began franchising his chicken business at the age of 65. Now, the Kentucky fried chicken business he started has grown to be one of the largest retail food service systems in the world. And colonel sanders, a quick service restaurant pioneer, have become a symbol of entrepreneurial spirit. More than two billion of the colonel’s â€Å"finger lickin’ good† chicken dinners are served annually. And not just in America. The colonel’s cooking is available in more then 82 countries around the world. When the colonel was six, his father died. His mother was forced to go to work, and young Harland had to take care of his three year old brother and baby sister. This meant doing much of the family cooking. By the age of seven, he was a master of a score of regional dishes. Ate age 10, his first job working on a nearby farm for $2 a month. When he was 12, his mother remarried and he left his home near Henryville, Ind. , for a job on a farm in Greenwood, Ind. He held a series of jobs over the next few years, first as a 15-year-old streetcar conductor in New Albany, Ind. , and then as a 16-yearold private, soldiering for six months in Cuba. After that he was a railroad fireman, studied law by correspondence, practiced in ustice of the peace court, sold insurance, operated an Ohio River steamboat ferry, sold tires, and Operated service station. When he was 40, the colonel began cooking for hungry ravelers who stopped at his service station in Corbin, KY. He didn’t have a restaurant then, but served folks on his own dining table in the living quarters of his service station. As more people started coming just for food, he moved across the street to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people. Over the next nine year, he perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices and the basic cooking technique that is still used today. KFC Pakistan KFC is the world’s No. 1 Chicken QSR and has industry leading stature across many countries like UK, Australia, South Africa, China,USA, Malaysia and many more. KFC is the largest brand of Yum Restaurants, a company that owns other leading brands like Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silver. Renowned worldwide for it’s finger licking good food, KFC offers its signature products in Pakistan too! KFC has introduced many offerings for its growing customer base in Pakistan while staying rooted in the taste legacy of Colonel Harland Sander’s secret recipe. Its signature dishes include the â€Å"crispy outside, juicy inside† Hot and Crispy Chicken, flavorful and juicy Original Recipe chicken, the spicy, juicy crunchy Zinger Burger, Toasted Twister, Chicken Bucket and a host of beverages and desserts. KFC also has great tasting vegetarian offerings that include the Veggie Burger, Veggie Snacker and Veg Rice meals. In Pakistan, KFC is growing rapidly and today has presence in 10 cities with close to 60 restaurants. Values of KFC Focus all our resources to our restaurants operation because that is where we serve our customers. Reward and respect the contributions of each individual at KFC. Expand and update training with time and be the best we can be and more. Be open, honest and direct in our dealings with one and other. Commit ourselves to the highest standard to the personal and professional integrity at all times. Encourage new and innovative ideas because these are the key to our competitive growth. Reward result and not simple efforts. Dedicate ourselves to continuous growth in sales, profit and size of organization. Work as a team. Project Report On Chapter No # 3rd Company Branches Department of Business Administration Preston University Peshawar Situational Analysis Current Products Kentucky fried chicken  · Zinger burger  · Krushers  · GameBox  · Twister  · Boxmaster  · Chicken Bucket  · Hot wings  · Fries  · Corn on the cob  · Zing Kong  · Snacker(chicken veggie)  · Veggie Feast  · Soft Drink  · Coleslaw  · Chicken Thali  · Veg Finger  · Snack Box  · Sundae  · Soft Twirl  · Brownie Sundae KFC Original Recipe 6 cups Crisco Shortening 1 eggs well beaten 2 cups Milk 2 cups Flour 2 teaspoons ground pepper 3 tablespoons salt 1 teaspoon MSG 1/8 teaspoon Garlic Powder 1 dash paprika 2 Frying Chickens cut into 6 pieces Place shortening into the pressure cooker and heat over medium heat to the shortening reaches 400F. In a small bowl, combine the egg and milk. In a separate bowl, combine the remaining six dry ingredients. Dip each piece of chicken into the milk until fully moistened. Roll the moistened chicken in the flour mixture until well coated. In groups of four or five, drop the covered chicken pieces into the shortening and lock the lid. When pressure builds up cook for 10 minutes. KFC Outlets in Pakistan Islamabad . 11 United Bakery Building, F-6/2, Super Market, Islamabad. For Delivery: Ph: 111-532-532 Chicky Fun Area Karachi †¦ SA-2, See Breeze Centre, F1-17, Block 5, Kh-e-Roomi, Clifton, Karachi. For Delivery: Ph: 111-KFC-KFC (111-532-532) Chicky Fun Area Peshawar . University Road, Burjaman Plaza Near Shadman Chowk, Peshawar. For Delivery: Ph: 111-532-532 Chicky Fun Area Lahore †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 160/2, Block 2, Phase-1 LCCHS, Lahore For Delivery: Ph: 111-532-532 Chicky Fun Area Hyderabad . Unit No. 1, Shah Latifabad, Thandi Sarak, Hayderabad. For Delivery: Ph: 111-532-532 Chicky Fun Area Project Report On Chapter No # 4th KFC’s Mession Philosophy Department of Business Administration Preston University Peshawar Philosophy of KFC the CHAMPS program Champs stands for our belief that the most important thing each of us can do is to focus on the customer. It stands for our commitment to provide the best food and best experience for the best value. CHAMPS stand for the six universal areas of customer expectation common to all cultures and all restaurants concepts. The CHAMPS These are: Cleanliness Hospitality Accuracy Maintenance of Facilities Product Quality Speed of Service CHAMPS is the philosophy to ensure that the customer has the consistent quality experience in every restaurant, everyday, on every occasions and you will be playing role in delivering CHAMPS to our customers. Mission of Statement â€Å" To be the leader in western style restaurants through friendly service, good quality food and clean atmosphere â€Å" Goals of KFC Build an organization dedicated to excellence. Consistently deliver superior quality and value in our products and services. Maintain a commitment to innovation for continuous improvement and grow, striving always to be the leader in the market place changes. Generate consistently superior financial returns and benefits our owner and employees. To establish in Pakistan our position as leading WQSR (Western Quick Service Restaurant) chain, serving good value. Innovative chicken-based products. Consistently, providing a pleasant dining experience, with fast friendly, in a clean and convenient location. At all times we must be dedicated to providing excellent and delighting customers. Project Report On Chapter No # 5th Product Issues Department of Business Administration Preston University Peshawar Product Issues General description: Features: Quality Control Over Ingredients Every Chicken Tested K N’s state-of-the-art Quality Assurance Lab monitors the entire integration process from livestock to feed and on to preparation of ready-to-cook and cooked products. Every Chicken Certified HACCP – K N’s ensures food safety by implementing the international HACP (Food Safety System) and enjoy the unique privilege of being the first and only HACCP certified company is Pakistan producing chicken and chicken products. Free from diseases and bacteria, drug residues and other contaminants. Quality Assurance Certificate Director General ( Research ) has issued quality assurance certificate for the chicken used by KFC. Packaging We are asked as many questions on our packaging as our products by our customers. The packaging for KFC products is chosen according to performance against three key criteria: Heat Retention Moisture removal Grease absorption The packaging material and carton design are all adapted to maximize performance against these three criteria. Recycled Paper All our clamshells and chicken boxes contain as much recycled material as it is legally allowed. By law we are required to have virgin fibre board in any part of the packaging that is in contact with food. Any virgin fibre comes from board suppliers who use pulp bought from managed forest in Scandinavia. This ensures that any wood cut for paper production is replaced with new plantings. Environmental Concerns Over and above ensuring our packaging is supplied via recycled or renewable resources; KFC are enthusiastically complying with the new environmental directives on recovery and recycling of packaging waste. Litter We at KFC UKI are aware of our responsibilities to the Management of Litter and all our packaging carries the ‘Keep your Country Tidy’ signs. Branding This research measured and compared the brand identity of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in Pakistan. Brand identity was defined as the customer impressions of four different KFC identity elements properties, products, presentations, and publications. A survey of young consumers in the countries (n = 795), showed that the respondents were more apt to eat within KFC restaurants, and spend more time doing so, than the Americans. The Chinese also had much more positive impressions of KFC. Brand identity impressions were correlated with overall customer satisfaction and with future patronage intentions for both groups. These findings support a model where differences in cultural frames of reference lead consumers to actively localize the brand identity of this nominally globalized product. Four Forces-Analysis Entry For the current Pakistan market for fast food, it is not difficult for a fast food restaurant to enter the market. However, it would be extremely difficult to take over already running major fast food chains dominancy in Pakistan or even make a significant amount of profit. While there are enough people in urban Pakistan for any restaurant to survive, KFC holds the first-mover advantage into the non-veg food specialty food segment that gives them free reputation. Customers, especially children who are used to going to KFC as a treat or reward from their parents or grandparents, are not going to want to go to other restaurants they’ve never heard of. The brand name is already established. Also, there is already a large variety in the numerous western-style dining places in Pakistan , such as McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Dominos and Subway, and any new fast-food entrants would just be presenting something very similar to what’s already there. While small Neighborhood restaurants generally have low barriers to entry, these are the barriers to entry for similar restaurant businesses to enter the fast-food chain market. Buyer/Supplier Bargaining Power The customers of KFC, especially as individual buyers, have almost no bargaining power because if only one customer threatens to no longer eat at KFC, the store is not going to lower its price because the cost of losing one customer is not very great. The suppliers, like the buyers, have very little bargaining power. In terms of food, KFC, upon its move into Pakistan, urged many of its U. S. suppliers to also extend branches into Pakistan. KFC also began helping local suppliers by giving them technological support to improve their products. This is a brilliant strategy because the supplies that KFC would otherwise need to import from the U. S. can now be obtained domestically, and if the U. S. suppliers decide to raise their prices, KFC can easily switch to the local suppliers. This gives us a brilliant strategy. With this strategy, KFC created competition among its suppliers, lowering the supplier bargaining power. In terms of human resources, labor cost is extremely low because the supply of non-skilled workers great exceeds the demand for them. With so little buyer and supplier bargaining powers, KFC is able to have a very tight control over its prices and expenditures. Substitutes and Complements As mentioned above, there are a few major competitors in the fast-food industry in Pakistan for KFC, namely McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Dominos and Subway. The substitute products, in this case, would be burgers, pizza, and sandwiches. Though they are competitors, their primary products differ greatly from each other, in that they sell, chicken, burgers and fries, pizzas, and sandwiches, respectively. Traditional Pakistan dining, home-cooked meals, and grocery stores with ready-to-eat foods are also substitutes, as families could choose any one of these over fast food for a meal. These substitutes are definitely considered healthy as compared to the fast food chains. Even foods from street vendors count as substitute goods. While other fast foods serve as substitute to KFC, they can also serve as complements for fast foods as a whole. If the general price of fast foods goes up,KFC’s price rises as well, and the same can be said of the quantity sold of these products, which make them complements to each other. KFC also sets up stores located near popular tourist attractions, so tickets to these tourist spots are also complementary goods because the more people tour these attractions, the more customers KFC will get. Rivalry Unlike what one would expect, KFC has little rivalry with similar fast-food chains in Pakistan. The primary reason is that their core products are different, as in they sell different kinds of fast foods with very different tastes and styles. For example, if KFC raised its price for chicken by a small amount, Pakistan chicken lovers who may not be as accepting to pizzas (many Pakistani people strongly dislike the taste of cheese) are not going to switch to Pizza Hut just because the price for KFC increased. In addition to that, these restaurants have such different target customers that the fluctuation of price for one restaurant is not going to affect the others. For example, a full meal at KFC ranges about Rs. 100, whereas a full meal at Pizza Hut can cost over Rs. 300. The drastic difference in price assures no price competition between these restaurants. Project Report On Chapter No # 6th Current Target Market Department of Business Administration Preston University Peshawar Current Target Market Promotions In Pakistan KFC not advertise there products too much because people KFC due to its reputation in other countries. They promote their products through special packages. They promote there products through billboard, pamphlets and through other promotion strategies. Segmentation KFC has divided the market of Pakistan into distinct groups of customers with different demands, tastes and behavior who require separate products or marketing mix. In Pakistan the niche marketing is being used for particular classes of people. They have made segments of the market on the following bases. Demographical Behavior Geographical By using these three bases they segmented the market as under. Demographical Basis In demographics their first segment is consisted of the income factor i. e. high income, average income and low income. Behavior In behavioral aspect they segmented the market on the basis of quality, taste and price. Following are the different possible segments in this regard. Taste conscious Quality conscious Class conscious Combination of price and quality Geographical Basis On the basis of the geographical factor we have divided our market in three main segments. Urban areas Sub urban areas Profile criteria: 1. Gender: KFC is for each gender both male and female. 2. Income: Everyone can use the KFC service upper and middle class . 3. Age: age limitation for using this product above 15 4. Occupation: By profession also everyone can use this product means businessman student workers and other peoples. 5. Education: It has no need more education that why the person who know something can easily enjoy with this product. 6. Family life cycle: KFC is suitable in every stage of life like single married couple and also those who have children can use this product. 7. Lifestyle: This product is used in every level of social class like upper, middle class. 8. Attitude : When the customers once buy this product after that they can use the product continuously. 9. Purchasing decision: Often KFC changes the purchasing decision of customers because of its good attributes. 10. Geographic region: Geographically KFC is used in every part of the country as well as all over the world. Product positioning Customer perceive this product as a unique product that other are not giving . Attitudes The attitudes of the public is very good people like our this new product like others. Purchasing process: Many people come from home to eat this , and some make impulse decision as they saw it . Market Coverage Strategy KFC will be using differentiated market coverage strategy. It means that different marketing mix will be used for different age groups. Target Market For Fast Food After evaluation of various segments, KFC has decided to target the market of Urban and Sub-urban Areas of Pakistan. Product usage People are educated and they want variety in their diet. Normally people of rural areas don’t take fast food. On the other hand people of urban areas take fast food. Income of the people of urban areas is normally high and they can afford to purchase such products, which are slightly higher in price as compared to prevailing prices of local food in the market. People of Urban Areas are more quality conscious than the people of Rural Areas. In Urban Area there lived people from every walk of life and profit generation is easier than in Rural Areas. Population density is higher in Urban Areas as compared to Rural Areas, so the number of customers are more in Urban Areas. Economic Analysis of Market A market in this context refers to a number of all actual and potential buyers of a product (Kotler et al 2003). These buyers have a need to satisfy their needs through exchange . These needs make up the demand for particular products and services. Several components must be considered, as all these components have a direct or indirect impact on KFC’s success. Changes in the below described components over the last couple of years have led to big changes in people’s attitudes towards healthy food. It explains why Australians today want to eat healthy and nutritious-rich food in order to keep themselves healthy and that KFC must adjust their range of product and their company image to appeal to these new expectations, people have . Macro environment KFC operates in a larger macro environment of forces that creates opportunities, but also threats. (Kotler et al 2003). A company such as KFC usually cannot influence trends in the macro environment, as they affect people and organisations on a larger scale. However, KFC has to carefully examine macro environmental trends and must create competitive responses to such trends. There are six major macro environmental forces KFC has to take into account. Micro environment The microenvironment consists of all forces that are close to KFC, and on which KFC has an impact. They directly affect KFC’s ability to serve its customers. (Kotler et al 2003). Three major components influence KFC’s micro environment: Competitors Because the fast food market in India is highly competitive, KFC faces a wide number of direct and indirect competitors. KFC’s main competitors are fast food chains such as McDonald’s and Domino’s, which are already well established throughout Pakistan . McDonalds’s in particular is a direct competitor, as they have already successfully introduced their Salads plus line , which directly targets ‘healthy food’ conscious Pakistanis. But, there are a number of other competitors that is also focusing on ‘chicken’ types products. All this competition makes it quite difficult for KFC to maintain or even broaden their customer base. However, with the introduction of a new and healthy product range, KFC can differentiate itself from most competitors and will gain a competitive advantage. Customers KFC’s customer market consists solely of the consumer market (Kotler et al 2003). KFC’s products are bought by individuals (males, females, singles, and families). Therefore, the product range KFC offer should appe